Europe Should Never Lose Sight of the Responsibility to Protect *

Roger Casale
Founder and Secretary General of New Europeans

 On 11 July 1995, more than 8300 Bosniak men and boys from the small town of Srebrenica, in today’s Republika Srpska, were slaughtered by the Bosnian Serb troops of Ratko Mladić, on the direction of Radovan Karadžić, in what was at that time a UN ‘safe haven’. It was the first act of genocide on European soil since the Holocaust. A quarter century on, Europe must give life and effect to the responsibility to protect, a part of its mission in the world that must never be abandoned.

Mladić and Karadžić (who received part of his medical training as a psychiatrist at Columbia University in New York) are serving life sentences following their convictions by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

Today, as we mark the 25^th anniversary of the Srebrenica genocide, what do we see? Serbia is applying to join the European Union. Bosnia-Herzegovina is an independent state, still under partial international oversight, composed of the Bosnian-Croat Federation and the Bosnian Serb Republic.

Despite the Dayton Peace Accords, the two entities have not grown closer together. Bosnian Serb leaders often refer to Bosnia-Herzegovina as a failed state and raise the possibility of secession. Srebrenica, according to Andreas Trenker, who visited the city in 2018, “looks and feels like a ghost town”. A former spa town, the city’s economy and tourism have never recovered. Only 5,000 of the former 36,000 inhabitants live in the city today.

For my generation, shaped by the sight of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the West’s failure to act in Bosnia left a powerful legacy even though we were powerless to do anything about it at the time. It drove some of us, including me, into the frontline of politics.

I was selected as a candidate in 1996 and entered the House of Commons as the Labour MP for Wimbledon in 1997. When I arrived, like many of my parliamentary colleagues elected at that time, I took a much more interventionist stance to world politics, starting with our support for the NATO air strikes in Kosovo. Three years after Srebrenica, Europe was at war in a conflict which pitted the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) against the Serbian regime of Slobodan Milošević (1945-2006). NATO intervened – without the backing of a UN Security Council Resolution – to protect the safety of the 1.8 million Kosovan Albanians, who Milošević had vowed to drive from their homes.

That was a defining moment in post war international relations. For the first time, NATO intervened not in response to a threat against a member state, but to avert a humanitarian emergency – out of a duty to protect. Subsequently, military interventions were sanctioned to protect the no fly zones in Northern Iraq and in Sierra Leone.

With the Iraq war, much of the moral authority of using force to protect human rights was dissipated. France and the UK intervened to prevent the annihilation of hundreds of thousands of civilians in Benghazi (Libya) in 2011. But as in Iraq, regime change followed with all the unintended consequences that have made western governments recoil from such interventions ever since. Even in the face of chemical weapons use by the Syrian regime, or systematic human rights violations in Yemen, the West has failed to act. Where is now a Western Government which will rise to stay the hand of the executioner, or stem the slaughter of innocents? In Myanmar we witness the morbid paradox of a Nobel laureate accused of complicity in the alleged genocide of the Rohingya people.

Closer to home, just a few hundred kilometres from Srebrenica, Kosovo President Hashim Thaci and nine other former separatist fighters have just been indicted on a range of crimes against humanity during and after Kosovo’s 1998-99 independence war with Serbia. Although President Thaci is no longer considered part of the talks on account of the charges, the EU-facilitated Kosovo-Serbia dialogue is about to restart. A virtual summit hosted by France and Germany and a meeting between Kosovo Prime Minister Avdullah Hoti and Serbian President Alexandar Vucic in Brussels are scheduled for 10 July, the day before the Srebrenica anniversary.

Outside Europe, the big power brokers of world politics seem disinterested in the rule of international law. The “responsibility to protect” was finally adopted by the UN in 2005 in the wake of the genocides in Bosnia and Rwanda. Will it be of any consequence to leaders such as Xi Jin Ping, Donald Trump or Vladimir Putin?

As Europeans, who value the respect for the rule of law and human rights, we should nevertheless take courage from the progress that has been made. Since the Srebrenica genocide, there has been a growth both in the range of international criminal courts and in the war crimes cases. Much of this has been driven by lawyers and institutions from the EU and EU member states. Twenty-five years on, the witness we bear today to the Srebrenica genocide must make us continue to fight for all who commit war crimes and crimes against humanity to be brought to justice – whoever and wherever they may be.

We must also work continuously to restore respect for international law and to give life and effect to the responsibility to protect. It is a part of Europe’s mission in the world that must never be abandoned. If not us, then who? If not now, then when?

* This article was originally published by Voxeurope https://voxeurop.eu/en/europe-should-never-lose-sight-of-the-responsibility-to-protect/